The quantification of the energy consumption and emissions of vehicles by a overall life-cycle assessment can be used as the basis to promote related policies. The GREET model, developed by U.S. Argonne National Laboratory, divided into a fuel-cycle sub-model (GREET 1) including the phases of well-to-pump and pump-to-wheels, and a vehicle-cycle sub-model (GREER 2) including the phases of vehicle production, assembly, disposal and recycling, is used for this project to establish localized life-cycle analysis model for Taiwan’s vehicles. The major tasks of this year’s project focused on the establishment of Taiwan GREET 2 and the expansion and strengthening of Taiwan GREET 1. Taiwan’s most commonly used vehicle types, such as passenger cars, city buses and motorcycles/scooters, were taken into account in the project. Since the energy use or emissions of vehicle driving has the greatest impact on the results of overall life-cycle analysis usually, a number of vehicles with different vehicle types were tested with portable emission measurement system in the real-world conditions. The results of real-world emission measurements were analyzed based on MOVES model methodology. The major conclusions include: (1) Taiwan’s localized vehicle-cycle sub-model for four types of passenger cars and for diesel city buses were established and used for analysis. Based on the results, vehicles with high vehicle-cycle energy use and GHG emissions may not necessarily have high overall life-cycle energy use and GHG emissions. Overall life-cycle energy use and GHG emissions of an electric passenger car were estimated to be 60~70% of those of a gasoline vehicle. Therefore, electric passenger cars as an alternative for gasoline passenger cars may have significant effects on energy saving and carbon emission reduction. (2) Localized fuel-cycle energy use and emissions for gasoline and electric motorcycles/scooters were estimated. Based on the estimation, fuel-cycle energy use and CO2 emission of an electric motorcycle/scooter were around 30~40% of those of a gasoline motorcycle/scooter. (3) Real-world on-road measurements for gasoline car, HEV cars, diesel bused, HEV buses and electric buses were performed. Based on the analysis results for real-world vehicle emission, the emission trends for Taiwan passenger cars are roughly consistent with those from MOVES and COPERT models but emission factors for several ranges of speeds for these models were suggested to modify. (4) It is necessary to estimate vehicles’ energy use and emissions based on the life-cycle analysis concept, and developing the corresponding application tools aggressively is suggested. (5) A prototype of the platform for demonstrating simplified calculation for vehicle life-cycle energy use and CO2 emission was established. The resultes of life-cycle energy use and emissions reductions of electric vehicles compared to conventional vehicles estimated are also suggested as the reference for Taiwan’s green vehicle subsidy polices.

Vehicle-Cycle Analysis, Fuel-Cycle Analysis, Real-World Vehicle Emissions