Since 2009, Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan (EPAT) has been conducting “Establishment of Port Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory and Drafting of Management Strategies” program. This program is created for improving air qualities over port areas in Taiwan, while fulfilling the Taiwan-U.S. collaboration commitment. The program started with the creation of ground-level information for port air pollutant inventory, followed by the planning of air cleaning action initiative for port areas. And to date, the program has accomplished the establishment of five emission inventories based on 2009 to 2013, respectively. This program is a follow-up for implementing “Establishment of Port Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory and Drafting of Management Strategies”. Major aspects of the program include: enhancing the scope, depth, and application of port inventory, revising current estimating module of emission and expanding the scope of inventory with reference to the latest international practice. As for the application, air pollution fee of ships is analyzed based on their impacts on the air quality. As for the control practice, air pollution self control and management of port institutions is focused. With the information collection of current international control technique and practice of port and ship air pollution, as well as the update of latest international convention, feasible regulations and actions are proposed. Accomplishments of this project are summarized below:
1. The emission factors and related coefficients of all sectors in port area are updated, including the main and auxiliary engine of ocean-going vessels, The mission factors of harbor-craft are localized, and the emission factors of heavy-duty vehicle are also applied.
2. The attribute and activity database for all emission sectors, as well as the standard auditing procedures of data quality, are established based on the 2015 data.
3. The 2015 air pollutant emission of eight commercial ports (including a new port – Budai port), two industrial ports, and four special harbors of state-owned enterprise are implemented. That for 2014 is also interpolated. Both are integrated with the inventory data of port area from 2009 to 2013, to analyze the trend of air pollution emission.
4. According to the emission trend, the available emission reduction amounts of Taipei Port, Taichung Port, Kaohsiung Port, and Hualian Port are decreasing. Showing that the significant result is obtained by promoting the vessel speed reduction. However, the cruises into the Keelung Port increases these years, and there is no regulation complying with the vessel speed reduction requirements, it still relies on the promotion and advocacy from port corporation.
5. Feasible reduction strategies for the future are proposed in this project. If the measure of replacing diesel engine with shore power is adopted, and Harbor 115, 116 of Evergreen Marine and Harbor 108, 109 of Kao Ming terminal use shore power, emissions of several air pollutants will reduce by 1.01 ~ 2.38%.
6. Based on the total quantity control of ship emission, reduction is feasible by adopting shore power. However, the reduction from vessel speed reduction is still difficult to quantify, the baseline of available reduction amount is also difficult to define.
7. Three phases to promote charging the air pollution fee of ships are proposed in this program. Phase 1, research and promote, 2014~2015. Phase 2, advocacy and transition, 2016~2019. Phase 3, implementation and charge, 2019~2026. And, four supporting measures must be considered, including politics, technique, efficiency, and legislation.
8. Through the temporal and location analysis of port inventory, the distributions of emission from ocean-going vessels of every port are analyzed. The results showed that peak emission usually occurred in period of March to June, instead of winter during which the air pollution is usually severe. However, the emission strength might differ by double among months. As for the space distribution, the ships from and to Taichung Port, Keelung Port, and Hualian Port usually occurred near the shore area.
9. Through the trend analysis of inventories of Taichung Port these years, several correlations are studied. In summer, the pollutant concentration in power district of Taichung port is coincident with emission, especially for NOx. In winter, the location transferred to central pier. It implies NOx emission from Taichung Port might impact the surrounding area.
10. Through the simulation by several air quality models, including ISC, CALPUFF, and CMAQ, the impacts of air pollution from ships were analyzed. The results showed that the influence area including Shalu, Xianxi, and Changhua. The CMAQ simulation results show that the maximum impact of secondary PM2.5 from Taichung Port and Mailiao Port reached 5.3μg/m3 and 2.2μg/m3, respectively.
