EPA-104-U1F1-02-106

104

2,100 千元

2015/05/29

2015/12/31

彭保仁

空保處

林怡君

中華民國計量工程學會

科技計畫

光污染、光害、眩光、閃爍、LED組合燈

light pollution, Nuisance, glare, flicker, LED combo lamp

溫照華

彭保仁

03-5732215#

iclin@epa.gov.tw

本計畫研究目標為依據我國國情特性，調查研析光污染影響及民眾感知的程度及相關量測指標。經彙整研析國際間光相關的公害法規、技術規範、科學文獻，並整理我國民眾陳情現況，選定動態畫面之眩光及閃爍為探討造成光污染感受的2項主要因子。主要工作包括：（一）蒐集研析國際間光污染對人體感受之研究資訊及文獻；（二）依據我國國情特性，研析民眾對光污染類型之感受程度；（三）調查及研析環境背景亮度及照度對量測結果之影響情形；（四）參考國際規範及我國現況，研提我國光污染改善建議。 首先，本研究摘譯整理4篇國際間光污染對人體不舒適性之研究資訊及文獻。再者，針對選定的組合燈類(孔雀燈、字型燈、八卦燈)及多媒體類(訊息跑馬燈、多媒體看板)等2類新型態LED光源進行舒適度評價搭配159次靜態亮度特性量測，53次照度動態特性量測變化分析並利用快速傅立葉轉換(Fast Fourier Transformation, FFT)來實現5款LED光源的頻率分布分析。此外，完成實驗室內人體視覺對光污染源感受不舒適界線研究實驗，問卷內容包括最大眩光和最大閃爍2類，實驗因子為3種LED光源亮度、53種圖騰或影片內容變化，募集20位受試者，每位執行159次評價試驗，共收集3,180筆資料。 本計畫結果與重點如下：對民眾感知的眩光評價而言，光源亮度、圖騰/影片類型、年齡層、性別等主因子對眩光主觀評價有顯著影響效果，其中光源亮度與圖騰/影片類型的影響較大。對民眾感知的閃爍評價而言，與眩光有相同的趨勢結果。依本計畫探研不同的亮度量測方式與分析光源之眩光和閃爍主觀評價中，得知組合燈類光源之眩光主觀評價與單一LED封裝最大亮度呈高度相關(R2=0.89)，多媒體類光源之眩光主觀評價與動態平均垂直照度呈高度相關(R2=0.93)。因此分別針對此2類光源提出眩光評價亮度建議標準，可作為未來訂定眩光亮度上限值之參考。在閃爍預測模型方面，圖騰週期頻率與組合燈類光源之閃爍評價具有顯著相關(R2=0.62)，結果亦顯示頻率低於0.7 Hz時的閃爍主觀感受屬於高於恰可接受的程度。 同時，完成臺中市4處戶外LED看板亮度監測與主觀評價研析。晚間誠品綠園道、新光三越、一中街商圈、老虎城鼎盛大樓的看板熄燈前總平均亮度分別為 616.2 cd/m²、818.9 cd/m²、1,220.6 cd/m²、145 cd/m²。蒐集461位受試者，計完成有效問卷1,358份，可信度達0.9，其中男性686份（50.5 %）和女性672份（49.5 %）之主觀評價資料；依年齡層區分，計蒐集少年組（15~20歲）383份（28.2 %)、青壯年組（21~40 歲）730份（53.8 %）、中壯年組（41~50歲）121份（8.9 %）、和中高齡組（50歲以上）124份（9.1 %），實地問卷統計結果顯示誠品綠園道、新光三越、一中街商圈、老虎城鼎盛大樓的眩光評價平均分數為4.03、4.36、3.68、3.88，代表4處眩光主觀感受度介於妨礙（3分）至恰可接受（5分）之間，此結果與103年度計畫所建議的LED看板類光源亮度管制值相近。此外，統計4處閃爍主觀評價平均分數範圍介於3.33至4.54之間，代表閃爍主觀感受度屬於妨礙至恰可接受範圍，綜合比較臺中地區調查LED看板之閃爍值分析和實地調查民眾對該地區的LED看板的閃爍評價，發現雖然4處地區的每分鐘第90百分位數的閃爍強度平均值低於103年度計畫的建議值31~33之間，但民眾對於各區之主觀閃爍評價仍低於5分，顯示戶外民眾可能受外部干擾因素影響，在實地閃爍感受反應會比受控制的實驗室條件下來得強烈些，此差異值得未來作進一步分析。 且完成臺中市2類都會區共4處的環境背景亮度及照度之監測與結果分析，並研擬光源亮度量測方法、垂直照度量測方法共2份草案。 此外，本計畫蒐集14個縣市陳情案件共560件，這些陳情案件均無提及與交通事故有關。依照光污染來源的分析，LED類廣告228件占比為41 %為最大宗、玻璃或外牆反射27件僅佔比為5 %、非LED類廣告94件占比為17 %、及其他(非廣告類) 211件占比38 %。依照民眾不舒適感受分析，374件表示光源過亮占67 %、138件表示光源過亮且閃爍占25%、18件表示光源閃爍占3 %，無法分類30件歸類於其他占5 %。依照影響民眾情境層面分析，288件表示光源影響住家的生活作息或睡眠占52 %、75件表示光源可能影響行車安全占13 %、197件無法分類歸類於其他占35 %，這些陳情案件均尚無直接與交通事故有關。如將光源分為玻璃或外牆反射類，LED類廣告類、非LED類廣告類、及其他等4大類，縣市之間的光污染來源比例十分不同，顯示縣市之間仍存有差異。 最後本計畫參考國際規範與法案及我國現況，及依據近期可推動之優先順序、可行性與技術完備性等分階段目標，完成管理方案研擬。

光污染、光害、眩光、閃爍、LED組合燈

EPA-104- U1F1-02-106_final.pdf

13MB

2016/3/1 上午 12:00:00

Based on the domestic conditions of Taiwan, this project aims to investigate and analyze the impacts of statutory nuisance from artificial light and related measurement factors, and then to propose the related tactics and recommendations. Through survey of the relevant regulations and scientific literatures and collection of pleader cases. This research focuses on both perception of glare and flicker for LED combo lamp light sources and LED multimedia light sources. The main tasks include: (1) made summary and translation of literatures related to light pollution, (2) study on the borderline between comfort and discomfort (BCD) of human perception and cognitions of LED combo light sources in laboratory, and LED billboard in outdoor environment, to perform subjective evaluation of glare and flicker at night condition, (3) case study of the background luminance and illumination level impacts on measuring resultants, and (4) proposal of prevention and management program of light pollution according to the international regulations and domestic status. First, this study made summary and translation of 4 literatures. Second, this work conducted 159 measures of static luminance and 53 measures of time-varied illuminance for the selected 3 LED combo light sources and 2 LED multimedia light sources, through Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the time-varied illuminance of the light sources to analyze the frequency response. Third, the experiments have conducted for BCD of light pollution in laboratory. The questionnaire included the maximum glare and the maximum flicker. The independent variables included 3 luminance levels of LED, and 52 patterns and one video. There were 20 participants involved and total of 3,180 data were recorded. Results revealed that: 1) For the perceived maximum glare and perceived maximum flicker, four main effects of luminance of LED light sources, pattern/video type, age and gender were significant, respectively. The luminance level of LED light sources and pattern/video type were more important. 2) Due to the maximum luminance for single packaged of LED combo light sources are highly related to subjective glare score (R2=0.89), and the mean vertical illuminance for LED multimedia light source are highly related to subjective glare score (R2=0.93) as well. This study develops a glare prediction model and lists a luminance recommendation table of glare for LED combo light sources and LED multimedia light sources. 3) Comparing with the previous study, the cycle or frequency of playing patterns were significant for discomfort flicker evaluation (R2=0.62). To those frequency below 0.7 Hz, average scores of oveall paticipants are above the acceptable level. However, it is insufficient to develop a flicker prediction model due to the lack of feasible measurable frequency characteristics factors. Meanwhile, the real-time luminance measures and BCDs of outdoor LED billboards have been conducted at four regions in Taichung city. The mean luminance of each LED billboard is 616.2 cd/m², 818.9 cd/m², 1,220.6 cd/m² and 145 cd/m², respectively. There are 461 participants to take part in this survey and totally 1,385 data to be collected. There are 686 males (50.5 %) and 672 females (49.5 %) that are counted for the evaluation of subjective comfortable rating. There are four groups of age distinctions to be considered in this study. The results indicated that the average de Bore scores of glare in 4 places are range from 3.68 to 4.36. In other words, the feelings of participants are tended to uncomfortable between disturbing and satisfactory categories. In addition, the average ratings of flicker scores in 4 places are falling in the range of 3.33 to 4.54. It indicates the similar results with the previous uncomfortable range of glare. The 90th percentile per minute of flicker magnitude measurement of four each LED billboards showed that those values were less than the recommended value between 31 and 33 in previous study. In term of discomfort flicker, the perceived flicker of four LED billboards should are acceptable. However, the overall mean scores of flicker subjective evaluation of four LED billboards were fallen into disturbing and satisfactory ranks. Comprehensive comparisons of the LED billboards flicker magnitude measures and field survey data indicated that people’s response of flicker resulted from LED billboards were stronger than participants in a well controllable laboratory environment. Meanwhile, this study conducted a total of 4 case studies of monitoring the luminance of LED billboards, vertical and horizontal illuminance in Taichung metropolitan area. In addition, this research collected a total of 560 petition cases from 14 cities and counties, there was none of case related to road accident. In accordance with the analysis of light pollution sources, 5 % (27 cases) related to sunlight reflection of glass or exterior wall, 41 % (228 cases) related to LED advertising category, 17 % (94 cases) related to non-LED advertising category, and 38 % (211 cases) accounted for other light sources(non-advertising category). In accordance with the analysis of human annoy perception, 67 % (374 cases) petitions denote the light source is too bright, 3 % (18 cases) petitions denote the light source is too flickering, 25 % (138 cases) petitions denote the light source is too bright and flickering, and 5 % (30 cases) petitions cannot be classified in category. In accordance with the public impact scenario analysis, 13 % (75 cases) petitions indicate the light source that may affect driving safety, 52 % (288 cases) indicate the light source affect lifestyle or home sleep, 35 % (197 cases) petitions cannot be classified in category. There are different ratios of four petition light source categories between Taipei city and Tainan city, this result shows difference of petition sources still exist between the cities. This research proposed a draft of luminance measuring method, a draft of vertical illuminance measuring method for dynamic light sources. In addition, there were divided into different stages to practice the prevention strategies of light pollution in accordance with urgency, feasibility and technical completeness based on domestic status and results in this study. Final, one control plant was suggested for the prevent control and management of light pollution.

light pollution, Nuisance, glare, flicker, LED combo lamp