EPA-105-GA-03-A293

105

9,470 千元

提升土壤及地下水污染調查及整治技術工作

2016/01/13

2018/09/30

楊樹森

土污基管會

張芯瑜

國立清華大學

土壤及地下水

“底泥污染”，”生物毒性”，”生物毒性試驗”，”重金屬”，”底棲動物”，”本土物種”，”代理物種”，”生態風險”

sediment pollution, biotoxicity, heavy metal, benthic animals, native species, surrogate species, ecological ris

謝季吟、胡紹揚

王智群

03-5715131#72733

spathulata9788@gmail.com

污染底泥對水域生物生存造成嚴重威脅，污染物透過生物濃縮及食物鏈傳遞放大效應，對於整體水域生態及人體健康的風險極高。利用底棲無脊椎動物測試底泥生物毒性已經在國際間被廣泛的討論，美國及歐盟也已經發展出不同的試驗方法，然而國外建立的方法有其環境條件；或是物種差異的地域侷限性。國內需要以本土物種為基礎，發展可供國內使用的底泥生物毒性評估的標準方法，尋找具有適當靈敏度的代理物種是確保標準方法能夠使用的關鍵條件。 底棲無脊椎動物與底泥直接接觸，對於污染物的毒性反應迅速而顯著，除了可以作為底泥污染的生物指標，也可以作為底泥生物毒性試驗的受體。經過大量蒐集、彙整底泥生物毒性的相關文獻，環節動物、節肢動物及軟體動物三大類群最常被當作測試生物。為了尋找適合做為試驗對象的本土物種，已完成兩季次水域生態調查，範圍涵蓋臺灣全島及離島地區污染較輕微的水域，調查項目包括棲地環境概述、物化環境因子測量（水體與底質）以及生物相調查（魚類與底棲動物）。兩季次調查共記錄了105種魚類及447個底棲無脊椎動物的分類群，生物種類及分布因地理隔離或棲地條件差異（底質組成、感潮等）而有明顯區別。 根據生態調查結果及文獻資料篩選可用的優勢物種作為試驗代理物種，目前已經成功選育8個物種，可以在實驗室內繼代養殖，除了建立人工飼育方法之外，也完成其生活史及分類地位的初步探究，此8個物種分別是圓田螺Cipangopaludina　chinensis （Griffith et Pidgeon, 1865）、混齒圍沙蠶Perinereis mictodonta （Marenzeller, 1879）蘭嶼大螯蜚Grandidierella sp.、蘭陽鬍鬚鉤蝦Ptilohyale sp.、櫛水虱Asellus sp.、大圓介蟲Chlamydotheca arcuate （Sars, 1901）、大型狹長介蟲Stenocypris　major （Baird, 1859）及長片鹹水基弗搖蚊Kiefferulus longilobus (Kieffer, 1916)。飼育成功的物種經過初步測試，蘭嶼大螯蜚因身體脆弱實驗操作不易，櫛水虱需要極長時間完成生活史，以上兩者不是試驗生物的良好的候選者。混齒圍沙蠶對底泥含銅的毒性耐受度極高，並非底泥銅毒性的良好試驗生物。剩餘5種候選者已經完成最佳試驗條件及對重金屬銅毒性的靈敏度測試。 底泥中穴居的長片鹹水基弗搖蚊，以第3齡期為試驗對象，試驗最適溫度為25℃，能忍受0-37psu的水體，可應用於淡水域至河口區底泥，水體添加銅96hr LC50為1.28 （mg/L），底泥添加底泥銅10 日LC50為19.25 （mg/kg），對底泥毒性靈敏度高，室內養殖及實驗操作容易。底泥表面活動的蘭陽鬍鬚鉤蝦，以體長2.5~3.5mm為試驗對象，試驗最適溫度為25℃，能忍受15-37psu的水體，可應用於河口區至海域底泥，水體添加銅96hr LC50為0.729 （mg/L），底泥添加底泥銅10 日LC50為55.1 （mg/kg），對底泥毒性靈敏度稍低，室內養殖及實驗操作容易。底泥表面棲息潛藏的大圓介蟲，以成蟲為試驗對象，試驗最適溫度為25℃，可應用於淡水域的底泥，水體添加銅96hr LC50為0.635 （mg/L），底泥添加底泥銅10 日LC50為44.29（mg/kg），對底泥毒性靈敏度中等，室內養殖及實驗操作容易。底泥表面棲息潛藏的大型狹長介蟲，以成蟲為試驗對象，試驗最適溫度為25℃，可應用於淡水域的底泥，水體添加銅96hr LC50為0.464 （mg/L），底泥添加底泥銅10 日LC50為29.97（mg/kg），對底泥毒性靈敏度高，室內養殖及實驗操作容易。底泥表面棲息潛藏的圓田螺，以7±2mm個體為試驗對象，試驗最適溫度為25℃，可應用於淡水域的底泥，能忍受細顆粒的黏土，水體添加銅96hr LC50為0.407 （mg/L），底泥添加底泥銅10 日LC50為29.59（mg/kg），對底泥毒性靈敏度高，室內養殖及實驗操作容易。 根據系統性需求，理想的底泥生物試驗對象需要1).試驗系統要簡單易於操作；2).等成本且具有足夠的可信度；3).方法必須能夠標準化；4).試驗方法要有適當的敏感度；5).針對試驗的目的具有鑑別度；6).明確的生態關聯性且試驗方法能夠聯結野外實況；7).具有發展性且與管理標準相連結。 更多循環的研究仍需持續執行，進一步讓全底泥生物毒性試驗指引初稿能精緻驗證至最佳化。研究方向包括1).生物暴露於不同種類污染物的靈敏度評析；2)非污染壓力因子(Stressors)的交互作用對搖蚊及介蟲之影響；3).圓田螺進行暴露條件與累積效應方法之建立與應用探討；4).以不同種類污染物進行鹹水長片基弗搖蚊慢毒性試驗方法之建立；5).持續進行標的物種半致死相關研究，特別是使用低濃度參考毒物進行更長時間暴露，跨越不同世代，以個體生長速率、行為改變、畸形、生殖潛能等為試驗終點探討生物生存的風險；6).研究快速取得介蟲休眠卵，孵化後以幼體期為測試生物，同時可以發展試驗套組讓試驗者能快速取得試驗材料，並將測試實驗標準化。

“底泥污染”，”生物毒性”，”生物毒性試驗”，”重金屬”，”底棲動物”，”本土物種”，”代理物種”，”生態風險”

本土物種應用於底泥生態風險評估－期末定稿.pdf

19MB

期末報告定稿

2019/1/20 上午 12:00:00

The survival of aquatic organisms were threatened by contaminated sediments seriously, and the pollutants became highly risk to entire aquatic ecosystem and human health after transferred by food chain through bioconcentration and biomagnification process. Using benthic invertebrate bioassay to evaluate sediment toxicity was broadly discussed internationally, both USA and EU also had developed different testing methods, but these methods were constructed under their environmental conditions, or the organisms were locally restricted in use. In here, the developing of standard bioassay methods to evaluate sediment toxicity by native species is an urgent demand, finding out suitable and sensitive surrogate species is a key requirement to make sure the standard methods can be execute. Benthic invertebrate direct contact with sediments, individuals can quick and significant response to the poison of pollutants, they not only can be a bioindicator for sediment pollutions also be good target animals for sediment toxicity bioassays. After searching the references and archives related to sediment biotoxicity, the most common test organism for bioassays were annelids, arthropods and mollusks. For the purpose of searching native species to be the testing targets, two seasonal aquatic ecological investigation was accomplished, surveyed area include light polluted water bodies located in Taiwan and off-shore islands. The investigation contents included habitat types, environmental factors (water body and sediment) and biota (fish and benthic animals). There were 105 species of fishes and 447 taxa of benthic invertebrates were found, the distribution of species depend on geographical district and habitat difference (sediment, tidal effects etc.). According to ecological investigation results and reviewing reference to screen out the useable dominant species to be a surrogate species for bioassay, 8 species were selected and raised successfully in laboratory. The laboratory culture procedure was well documented and primary life history study was done. The eight candidate species are Cipangopaludina chinensis (Griffith et Pidgeon, 1865), Perinereis mictodonta (Marenzeller, 1879), Grandidierella sp., Ptilohyale sp., Asellus sp., Chlamydotheca arcuate (Sars, 1901), Stenocypris　major (Baird, 1859) and Kiefferulus longilobus (Kieffer, 1916). After toxicity tolerance pilot study, we found only five of them were good candidates, and the test of optimal experimental condition and sensitivity to Cu poison was completed. The continue test of other three species were not conducted because of Grandidierella sp. was too fragile to handle, the life cycle of Asellus sp. was too long and the Cu poison tolerance of Perinereis mictodonta was too high. Diptera midge Kiefferulus longilobus larvae live in sediment, 3rd instar was testing target, optimal living temperature was 25℃, salinity tolerance range 0-37psu, Cu spiked water 96 hr LC50 was 1.28 (mg/L), and Cu spiked sediment 10 days LC50 was 19.25 (mg/kg). This species has high sensitivity to Cu poison and easy to culture in laboratory, it can be applied for sediments from freshwater body and estuarine region. Marine amphipod Ptilohyale sp. thrive on sediment surface, individuals with 2.5-3.5mm was testing target, optimal living temperature was 25℃, salinity tolerance range 15-37psu, Cu spiked water 96 hr LC50 was 0.729 (mg/L), and Cu spiked sediment 10 days LC50 was 55.1 (mg/kg). This species has low sensitivity to Cu poison and easy to culture in laboratory, it can be applied for sediments from estuarine region. Freshwater ostracod Chlamydotheca arcuate thrive on sediment surface and sometime hiding in sediment, adult individuals was testing target, optimal living temperature was 25℃, Cu spiked water 96 hr LC50 was 0.635 (mg/L), and Cu spiked sediment 10 days LC50 was 44.29 (mg/kg). This species has median sensitivity to Cu poison and easy to culture in laboratory, it can be applied for sediments from freshwater body. Freshwater ostracod Stenocypris　major thrive on sediment surface and sometime hiding in sediment, adult individuals was testing target, optimal living temperature was 25℃, Cu spiked water 96 hr LC50 was 0.464 (mg/L), and Cu spiked sediment 10 days LC50 was 29.97 (mg/kg). This species has high sensitivity to Cu poison and easy to culture in laboratory, it can be applied for sediments from freshwater body. Freshwater field snail Cipangopaludina chinensis thrive on sediment surface and sometime hiding in sediment, individuals with 7±2mm body length was testing target, optimal living temperature was 25℃, Cu spiked water 96 hr LC50 was 0.407 (mg/L), and Cu spiked sediment 10 days LC50 was 29.59 (mg/kg). This species has high sensitivity to Cu poison and easy to culture in laboratory, it can be applied for sediments from freshwater body and can tolerate fine particulate clay sediment. Based on systematic requirements, ideal candidates for whole sediment bioassay will be : 1). Experimental system must be simple and easy to operate; 2). Low coast and reliable; 3). Methods can be standardized; 4). Experimental methods with appropriate sensitivity; 5). Experimental result with appropriate discrimination power; 6). Apparent ecological relationship and test methods can link to wild reality; 7). Futuristic developing potential and easy link to management standards. For the purpose to improve the whole sediment bioassay experimental guide line, more study cycles still need to be run in the future. The studies include 1) Target specie expose to different pollutants to evaluate biotoxic sensitivity; 2). Interactive effects of Nonpollution stressors on Diptera midge K. longilobus and ostracods; 3). Refining experimental conditions of freshwater field snail C. chinensis and study of pollutant concentration mechanism for future applications; 4). Construct study methods for chronic toxicity of different pollutants on Diptera midge K. longilobus ; 5). Target species expose to low concentration pollutants to study semilethal effects, expose time lasting over different generation, evaluate risky of living based on individual growth, behavior, abnormality and breeding potential etc; 6). Construct a method to get resting eggs of ostracods in quick way, using hatchling of resting egg to run whole sediment bioassay. In advance, develop an experimental kit and standardized testing methods for users, they can get study material easily.

sediment pollution, biotoxicity, heavy metal, benthic animals, native species, surrogate species, ecological ris