EPA-107-U1F1-02-A198

107

1,654 千元

科技發展-環境科學及技術之研究

2018/05/31

2018/12/31

劉嘉俊

空保處

林志純

環境永續工程顧問有限公司

噪音振動

噪音、麥克風陣列

Noise, microphone array

劉嘉俊

02-27423222#

jacob.epa@msa.hinet.net

近年來陳情案件中，其中有很多是汽機車改裝產生巨大噪音，在夜間嚴重妨害安寧、擾人清眠，許多年輕人趕流行，在裝修汽機車時，將消音器拆除，造成車子行經時「呼嘯而過」、發出巨響，不論是白天或夜晚，都製造惱人的噪音，半夜時更是擾人清夢，故有許多抱怨或陳情電話，控訴汽機車噪音過大，改裝車(拆除消音器或經過改裝)屢於夜間呼嘯來回，嚴重影響睡眠，實有必要針對偵測照相系統應用於使用中機動車輛進行評估，以期透過「超音照像」科技執法提高篩選高噪音機動車輛與「攔巡查」執行效率，達成改善民眾居住環境品質、國民健康與生活永續發展之目標。本年度工作成果，主要包括： 一、完成蒐集使用中機動車輛噪音來源與噪音計相關資料 (一)使用中機動車輛噪音源，引擎噪音所佔的比重最大，但隨著路面條件改善，車輛高速行駛時輪胎噪音已成為又一個主要噪音源。當車速較低或路面乾燥時，引擎噪音佔主要成分；當車速較高或路面較濕時，輪胎噪音佔主要成分，惟在各噪音源所佔車輛總噪音的比例是因車而異的。 (二)機動車輛噪音頻譜特徵、傳播特性方面，隨著檔位的增高，由於傳動系統噪音的提高而使整個噪音有所增加。整車噪音的頻譜也與其車速、檔位、負荷以及車輛類型等因素有關。檔位越低，引擎轉速越高，中高頻噪音量隨之提高，隨著車速的提高，頻譜曲線也提高，尤其是中高頻段；機動車輛噪音控制方面，音源處噪音控制包括改進引擎的結構和排氣消音器，除了在音源處和傳輸路徑中加以控制外，還可以在受體端進行控制(例如隔音窗)。 (三)陣列型麥克風原理與車輛使用實例 麥克風陣列通常配備幾十個麥克風同步採集聲音信號，由後端信號處理算法合成「聲音圖片」和「聲音視頻」，以實時直觀的方式顯示噪音源位置。使用實例上如新加坡南洋理工大學設計和發展出一套稱為“NoivelCam”的獨立整合式車輛噪音追蹤系統，在快速道路上進行單一車道噪音監測；另外中國為了整治違法鳴笛，採用聲納照相（音源定位）系統，在上海、南京、瀋陽、深圳等多個城市啟用鳴笛照相系統，以高科技幫助警察查處此類交通違法行為。 (四)陣列及非陣列型指向性麥克風型式原理與使用實例：蒐集包括干涉疊加型、平面反射型、抛物面反射型、橢球面反射型、聲透鏡型及號筒型指向性麥克風，對於中、高頻聲波，指向性傳聲器都能很好地工作，但在低頻時，為了獲得較好的指向性等特性，尺寸就必須很大，給實際使用帶來不方便。 二、完成蒐集研析國外使用中機動車輛噪音測量方法、管制標準及相關法規 (一)國外使用中機動車輛噪音測量儀器、音源識別及測量方法請詳4.1節說明，目前機動車輛原地噪音測試規範主要有中國國家標準、美國自動車工程師協會、國際標準組織和日本工業規格協會等，以上為在台灣及世界上較廣為使用者，經彙研比較CNS、SAE、JIS和ISO的機動車輛原地噪音量測程序，發現並無明顯差異。 (二)國外行駛條件下機動車輛噪音測量方法、計算模式及管制標準作業請詳4.2節說明，對於“行駛”條件下機車噪音測量，均規定於目前我國採行的《機動車輛噪音量測方法》及CNS5799 《機動車輛噪音量試驗法》中，惟於“行駛”條件下，我國並無使用中車輛檢驗標準，僅有新車型審驗及新車檢驗標準。 三、完成研擬規劃使用中機動車輛噪音偵測照相測量作業方式並提出建議 (一)完成蒐集機動車輛超速照相系統原理（如雷達、紅外線、地感線圈以及錄影）、雷達測速原理及雷射測速原理。 (二)透過「超音照像」技術解決噪音車輛製造噪音卻採證困難的問題，可同步偵測車輛的速度及噪音量(未來加上車牌辨識系統)；超速車輛由警方逕行舉發，超音車輛由環保局進一步檢測，加強管制使用中機動車輛，未來建議可以採用麥克風陣列(Microphone Array)，整合車牌辨識系統設備，建置機動車輛超音偵測照相測量系統。

噪音、麥克風陣列

「偵測照相系統應用於使用中機動車輛噪音管制評估之研究」專案研究計畫.pdf

22MB

「偵測照相系統應用於使用中機動車輛噪音管制評估之研究」專案研究計畫.pdf

2019/1/31 上午 12:00:00

Among the petitions submitted in recent years, many have been complaining against the big noise made by modified vehicles and motorcycles roaring past during the night, causing serious disturbance of tranquility and sleep. To pursue the fad, many young people modify their cars or motorcycles by taking off the silencer, causing a big noise when they whistle past. Whether it happens during the daytime or in the night, the noise is very annoying. Particularly when it is late at night, the annoying noise disturbs people’s sweet dreams. A lot of complaints or petition calls have been received, complaining against the big noise made by modified cars and motorcycles (with silencer taken off or other modifications) for seriously disturbing people’s sleep, while they are whistling past during the nighttime. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the effect of applying the detection camera system to in-use motor vehicles in order to enhance the execution efficiency of screening of high-noise motor vehicles and “block checks” through “excessive noise camera” technology, so as to achieve our goals of improving the living environment quality of the public, people’s health and lifestyle, and sustainability. The main achievements of this year are as follows: 1. Completed collection of the noise sources of in-use motor vehicles and related information on the noise meter. (1) Traditionally, engine noise is the main source of noises generated by in-use motor vehicles. However, with the improvement of pavement conditions, tire noise has become another noise source when vehicles are running at high speeds. Generally speaking, when vehicles run at lower speeds and the pavement is dry, the engine noise constitutes the main portion of the overall noise. On the other hand, when vehicles run at higher speeds and the pavement is wet, the tire noise constitutes the main portion. However, the proportion of noise accounted for by each noise source varies from vehicle to vehicle. (2) In terms of spectral features of the noise and propagation properties, the overall noise of the vehicle increases due to the increase of transmission system noise as the gear is lifted to a higher level. The spectrum of the overall noise is also related to such factors as vehicle speed, gear position, load, and vehicle type. The mid-high frequency noise increases with the decrease of gear level and increase of engine speed. With the increase of vehicle speed, the spectral curve rises, particularly at mid-high frequency bands. In terms of motor vehicle noise control, other than taking control measures at the noise source and propagation path, such as improving the engine structure and installing the exhaust muffler, noise control measures can also be taken at the receiving end, such as soundproof windows. (3) The rationale of array microphones and application examples: In a microphone array, dozens of microphones are usually deployed to collect sound signals simultaneously, which will be turned into “sound pictures” and “sound videos” by rear-end signal processing algorithms in order to show the location of noise sources in a real-time and intuitive manner. In terms of application examples, “NoivelCam”, an independent integrated vehicle noise tracing system designed and developed by Nanyang Technological University, has been used to monitor single-lane noise on expressways. In addition, in order to regulate illegal horning, China has adopted the sonar camera (source location) system in cities such as Shanghai, Nanjing, Shenyang, and Shenzhen to help the police deal with traffic violations of such kind with high technologies. (4) The rationale of non-array directional microphones and application examples: Collected a bunch of directional microphones, including interference and overlying type, planar reflection type, parabolic reflection type, ellipsoid reflection type, sound lens type, and horn type. In mid to high frequency bands, directional microphones work pretty well. However, in low frequency band, in order to get better directional features, you have to have a very big microphone, which is not very convenient in actual use. 2. Completed collection and analysis of the noise measuring methods, control standards, and regulations for in-use motor vehicles adopted in foreign countries. (1) Please see Section 4.1 for noise measuring instruments, sound source identification systems, and measuring methods for in-use motor vehicles adopted in foreign countries. Currently, the stationary noise test regulations for motor vehicles widely used in Taiwan and other parts of the world are mainly formulated by the Chinese National Standards (CNS), Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), International Standards Organization (ISO), and Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS). After analysis and comparison, it is found that there is no significant difference among the stationary noise test regulations for motor vehicles formulated by CNS, SAE, JIS, and ISO. (2) Please see Section 4.2 for noise measuring methods, calculation models, and noise control SOPs for motor vehicles under driving conditions adopted in foreign countries. Regulations on noise measuring for motor vehicles under “driving” conditions are all specified in the “Motor Vehicle Noise Measuring Methods” and CNS5799 “Motor Vehicle Noise Level Test Methods” currently adopted in our country. However, for motor vehicles under “driving” conditions, there are no inspection standards for in-use vehicles in our country, other than standards for new vehicle type approval and new vehicle inspection. 3. Completed studying and planning of noise detection, snapshot, and measuring methods for in-use motor vehicles and proposed recommendations. (1) Completed collection of the rationales of speeding camera systems for motor vehicles (such as radar, infrared, ground induction coils, and video), rationale of radar speed detection, and rationale of laser speed detection. (2) Solved the problem of difficult evidence collecting for noise generated by vehicles with “excessive noise camera” technology. The speed and noise level of the vehicle can be detected simultaneously (license plate recognition system to be integrated in the future). The speeding vehicles will be fined directly by the police and the excessive noise vehicles will be recorded by the Environmental Protection Bureau for further inspection. To strengthen control of in-use motor vehicles, it is recommended to use a microphone array, integrate the license plate recognition system, and implement the excessive noise detection and camera measuring system for motor vehicles.

Noise, microphone array