EPA-98-U1J1-02-101

098

3,170 千元

2009/03/20

2009/12/31

康世芳

環管處

施雯玲

私立淡江大學

水質保護

飲用水水質標準,新增未列管污染物名單,水質分析,健康風險評估

drinking water quality standards, Contaminant Candidate List, water quality analysis,health risk

蔣本基,張怡怡；張簡國平；李家偉

康世芳

02-26250376#

kangsf@mail.tku.edu.tw

近年來，美國等先進國之安全飲用水計畫，定期檢討管理法規與修定飲用水水質標準。環保署參酌國際安全飲用水管理趨勢，委託執行「飲用水水源及水質標準中列管污染物篩選與監測計畫」，本計畫期程為三年，以檢討我國飲用水水質管理相關法規與水質標準。第三年研究結果及建議分述如下： 四座淨水場76個水樣及分析13項項目，結果顯示淨水場原水、沉澱水及清水皆未檢測出揮發性有機物(1,2-二氯丙烷、1,2-二氯苯、對-二氯苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯、順1,2-二氯乙烯、反1,2-二氯乙烯等7項)，但僅一個水樣檢測出二氯甲烷，檢出率為1.19%。甲醛、雙酚A、壬基酚之檢出率分別為40.48%、44.05%、63.10%。但甲醛濃度均低於國外管制限值或指針值；雙酚A、壬基酚國外無管制限值或指針值，其健康風險評估之危害商數 (HQ)值小於1，表示清水濃度均低於人體耐受量。相對地，淨水場混凝程序添加鋁鹽混凝劑，部分淨水場清水殘留總鋁、溶解性鋁濃度大於0.2 mg/L，超過國外管制限值或指針值0.2 mg/L。但健康風險評估之危害商數 (HQ)值小於1，表示清水濃度均低於人體耐受量。 綜合本研究全程三年、自來水事業單位或環保署環境檢驗所水質檢測資料，對清水28項污染物候選清單(CCL1)(不含亞氯酸鹽與鹵乙酸類)進行健康風險評估，結果顯示28項CCL1危害商數 (HQ)值均小於1，表示清水濃度均低於人體耐受量，致癌風險 (CR) 介於5.3×10-5~10-7之間，表示大多介於可接受之風險之內。 參考美國環保署建置CCL篩選作業程序，研提我國各階段CCLs分類為第一批名單為CCL1、第二批名單為CCL2，分別為30項與20項；為因應國內高科技廠產業之新興污染物，第三批新增名單為CCL3計19項，供後續研議我國CCLs。此外，28項CCL1清單不分優先順序，可由環保署考量納入飲用水水質標準管制項目與否之檢討。 完成國內淨水場去除30項CCL1之所需淨水高級處理程序方案評估及初步成本分析試算，評估高級處理程序包含臭氧氧化、粒狀活性碳吸附、薄膜(低壓薄膜)，以臭氧氧化、活性碳吸附之成本較經濟可行。 建議環保署訂定「飲用水水質未列管污染物監測作業要點」與「飲用水水質重複採樣檢測準則」，自來水水事業單位應先落實推動水質管理計畫書，再實施重複檢測。此外，環保署、經濟部與自來水事業單位首先應著手加強水質管理相關如增訂標準項目數量、監測項目與頻率、CCLs名單物質監測、及水質管理計畫書等議題之研商，以符合飲用水水質管理之國際趨勢。 關鍵字：飲用水水質標準、新增未列管污染物清單、水質分析、健康風險評估

飲用水水質標準,新增未列管污染物名單,水質分析,健康風險評估

飲用水水源及水質標準中列管污染物篩選與監測計畫(3／3).pdf

11MB

2010/3/1 上午 12:00:00

The drinking water quality standards and guidelines in developed countries are subject to periodical reviews and revisions. To be consistent with the trends of international drinking water quality management systems, the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) launched a three-year project entitled “Screening and monitoring of candidate contaminants for source water and drinking water standards”. The purposes of this project were to assess the current drinking water quality regulatory systems and to review the water quality standards in Taiwan. The results and recommendations for third year study were: Seventy-six water samples taken from four water treatment plants were analyzed for 13 water quality items. The results showed that most of the volatile organic matters (1,2- dichloropropane, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, trans-1,2- dichloroethene, 1,2- dichlorobenzene, 1,4- dichlorobenzene, xylenes and styrene) were not detected from raw water, from sediment tank water and finished water. Dichloromethane was detected only in one sample (1.19%). There were 40.48%, 44.05%, and 63.10% of formaldehyde, bisphenol A and nonylphenol detected, respectively. However, the formaldehyde concentrations were lower than the maximum contaminant levels of other countries and there are no standards for bisphenol A and nonylphenol currently. The results of health risk assessment of bisphenol A and nonylphenol showed that the hazard quotient (HQ) values were less than 1, which indicated that they were not beyond the tolerance amount of human body. On the contrary, because of the use of aluminum slat in coagulation processes, the residual total/dissolved aluminum levels in some clean water samples exceeded foreign standard/guideline values of 0.2 mg/L. However, the result of health risk assessment showed that the HQ value was less than 1, which indicated that it was not beyond the tolerance amount of human body. The procedures of risk assessment of 28 (Contaminant Candidate List) CCL1 have been conducted using data gathered from this three-year project, the Environmental Analysis Laboratory, and water supply enterprise. The analysis results of the health risk assessment of 28 candidate contaminants (chlorite and haloacetic acids were not included) showed that the hazard quotient (HQ) were less than 1, which indicated that they were not beyond the tolerance amount of human body. In the cancer risk (CR), the risks of 28 candidate contaminants were ranged from 5.3×10-5 ~10-7. Therefore, the concentrations of these 28 candidate contaminants were almost acceptable from the aspect of health risk assessment. Based on the screening process and evaluation criteria developed by the USEPA, the CCLs, the priority list of contaminants which are not regulated, were proposed in this project. The suggested first CCL (CCL1) and second CCL (CCL2) contain 30 and 20 chemicals, respectively. In order to regulate the emerging contaminants from high-tech industries, the newly added third CCL (CCL3) includes 19 chemicals. In addition, 28 items on CCL1 were provided to the EPA for the next phase of regulatory determinations. The evaluations of advanced water treatment processes and cost benefit analysis for the removal of 30 CCL1 contaminants were achieved. Advanced treatment processes, including ozone oxidation, activated carbon adsorption and low-pressure membrane, were evaluated. Results of a cost/benefit analysis showed that the processes of ozone oxidation and activated carbon adsorption were more practical than others. It is suggested that EPA could set up the “Guidelines for the unregulated contaminant monitoring rule in drinking water” and “the Guidelines for multiple sampling and analysis of drinking water”. The water supply enterprise should enforce the drinking water management plan, and then conduct multiple analyses of samples. In addition, EPA, Ministry of Economic Affairs and water supply enterprise should jointly discuss related issues and set up regulations (such as number of drinking water standards, items and frequencies of monitoring programs, monitoring of contaminants in CCLs, drinking water management plan, etc.) in response to global trends in drinking water management. Key words: drinking water quality standards, Contaminant Candidate List, water quality analysis, health risk assessment

drinking water quality standards, Contaminant Candidate List, water quality analysis,health risk