| 英文摘要 |
The Taiwan-Europe cross-boundary greenhouse gases measurement project (TE-PGGM) has been started since June 2009 for the TE-PGGM ship-based measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations; and has been started since June 2012 for the TE-PGGM air-based measurements of atmospheric ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), water vapor (H2O), can number density of cloud particles. The main international partners for the TE-PGGM project is the European IAGOS project, including members from German Julich GFZ national research laboratory, French CNRS national research laboratory, Airbus, Meteo France, UK Cambridge University, Lufthansa, Air France, and UK Manchester University. The main domestic partners are Evergreen Marine Corporation (EMC) and China Airlines (CAL). The main monitoring areas for the TE-PGGM project include the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the northeast Atlantic Ocean, and the northwest Atlantic Ocean. As such, these areas are mostly located in the downwind locations of heavy anthropogenic industrial regions such as China, Japan, Korea, North American (including the US and Canada), South American (including Peru and Chile), countries in the Southeast Asia, India, oil producing countries in the Arab Peninsula, countries in the Mediterranean region (including Italy, and North African countries), and European countries (the UK, Germany, France, the Netherland, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, etc). The TE-PGGM air-based measurements cover areas including China, Japan, Korea, upper troposphere over the North Pacific flight corridor, countries in the Southeast Asia (the Philippine, Viet Name, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore), European countries (the Netherland, Austria, Germany), North American (Canada), and upper atmosphere over the Euro-Asian continent. The TE-PGGM ship-based measurements use 9 commercial and scheduled global container cargo ships operated by the EMC. The S-type, L-type, and D-type ships have been used to carry CO2 analyzer for real-time and in-situ measurements. The TE-PGGM air-based measurements use 1 Airbus A340-300 and commercial passenger aircraft (B18806) operated by CAL. A total of more than 248 cruise of ship-based measurements have been completed during the June 2009-January 2014 period, and more than 550 flight measurements have been completed with successful CO, O3, H2O, and cloud particle measurements. Our results show distinctive CO2enhancement over the marine atmospheric boundary downwind of the anthropogenic industrial regions. CO2 concentrations higher than 410ppmv-430ppmv were frequently observed over these downwind regions. The annual growth rates of CO2in these downwind regions are higher than 1.5 ppmv/year. CO2 concentrations in the remote Pacific regions are close or higher than 400 ppmv. Our ship-based measurements also show a consistent CO2 monitoring results when compared with the monthly CO2 measurements. The air-based measurements show clear signature of surface anthropogenic emissions in the 9km to 13 km regions of the upper troposphere, as evidenced by the enhanced CO concentrations higher 100 ppbv been observed. In the lower troposphere, elevated CO concentrations were frequently observed at 1-km altitude. Vertical extent of surface CO can reach as high as 4-km altitude during the fall and winter months. The TE-PGGM results shown in this work demonstrates our capability in using commercial in-service container cargo ships and passenger aircraft as platforms in conducting long-term measurements of atmospheric greenhouse gases and air pollutants for climate research.
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