| 英文摘要 |
The EPA project in 2016 was aimed to " Evaluation the effects of environmental factors on indoor air pollutants and the effectiveness of policy enforcement." It is divided into four different parts according to four major purposes, and the results of each section are described as below:
In this study, indoor semi-volatile compounds(including Phthalates (PAEs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)) partitioning between the gas, particle (PM2.5) and settled dust were investigated in twelve public places (4 shopping stories, 4 primary schools and 4 kindergartens). Results showed that the levels of gaseous PAHs were higher than that for particulate PAHs in all sampling sites. Gaseous PAHs were dominated by naphthalene, which exists almost entirely in the gas phase. The average air concentrations (gas- and particle phase) of naphthalene in shopping stories, primary schools and kindergartens were 140(140), 31(37) and 42(36) ng/m3, respectively. Two- and three-ring PAHs accounted for most of the air PAHs in shopping stories, primary schools and kindergartens, while PAHs in the dust samples were dominated by two- to four-ring PAHs. Results showed that the levels of gaseous, low molecular weight (< 300 g /mol) of high volatility PAEs, most of PAEs such as DEP, DIBP and DBP were detected. The molecular weight between 300 to 400 g/mol. The detection rates for DIBP, DBP, DEHP, DNOP, DINP and DIDP were reached to 100% in all indoor dust samples. The daily intakes (ingestion, inhalation and skin contact) of the target phthalates for adult and children were estimated lower than TDIs of the EU-CSTEE. More research regarding the distributions of SVOCs indoors is needed for the establishment of indoor air standards for those emerging compounds.
We analyzed the data of bioaerosol determined from 1998-2015 to investigate the impacts of the sampling strategies on the different time-based levels of bioaerosols. Moreover, the relationship between airborne bioaerosols and environment factors or other pollutants was also evaluated to understand the impaction of bioaerosols concentration distrbution. This study compared the guidelines to the daily average levels and the levels quantified in a time point (morning, noon, afternoon) and two different time periods. We found the usage of the data from two different time periods was the best indicator. When the concentrations detected in two varied time periods both were higher (or lower) than the standard value, the bioaerosols levels in ≥ 82% of spaces in the third time period were also higher (or lower) than the standard. The best detective time indicator of bacteria and fungi are ‘morning and afternoon’, ‘morning and noon’, respectively. Therefore, we suggest that take two different time periods concentration as the standard to evaluate the indoor air quality instead the greatest levels of the standard value, which may be impacted easily by the short-time sampling and the space environment. Further, we estabilished the dust culturable bioaerosols method after the reviewing the related literature and use sampling strategies in school classroom. The result show that the air and dust culturable concentration have no significant relationship and the distribution are not the same because airborne bacteria and fungi may be more suitable for short-term exposure. But the dust culturable bacteria and fungi may be taken as long-term exposure indicator but we still lack the evidence between the air/ dust culturable indicator and its health effects in Taiwan to evaluate the applicability of determining bacteria and fungi in the air or dust as the exposure indicators.
Using the PM2.5 monitoring data which measured by air pollution station from 2006 to 2015, as a predictor factor to put into the GIS Kriging model to estimate the outdoor concentration around the 77 schools. Then, assessment the association between the estimated concentration and indoor environment surveyed PM2.5 data to evaluate suitability of predictor. The results showed that correlation coefficient of the mean, median and maximum PM2.5 concentration used GIS estimated value, and indoor PM2.5 exposure level is range 0.37-0.45 from 2012-2015. Furthermore, using regression models to assess the R2 by stratified analysis which according to the national spatial planning divided into 7 areas. The results showed that the GIS estimated value in Gao-Ping Area was significantly correlated with the actual indoor concentration, R2 was range from 0.69-0.75. Therefore, it is a suitable tool to use the GIS kriging model to predict the indoor exposure level. In addition, the indoor air and dust concentration distribution of the total fungi indicator had the same trend in household which indoor environment had been suffered before and after the extreme weather events. That is, after flooding we found the high fungi exposure in 2-4 weeks, and the exposure level in a year later decreased which level was closed to the situation before the flood events. In addition, there were 4 typhoons during September to October in 2016 that caused the flooded events frequently in southern Taiwan. Our team detected bioaerosols distribution of the flood and non-flood classroom environment in the three elementary schools within 2-4 weeks. The result showed that the concentration of bacteria and fungi in the flooded classroom was significantly higher than in the non-flooded classroom. Also we observed the obvious mold and water-damage in the indoor environment, indicating that the continuously flooded events caused the water-damage of the building. Then, creating a suitable environment for fungal growthing, and result in the high exposure level. It is recommended that develop an effective clearance methods of indoor bacteria and fungi to reduce indoor microorganism exposure hazards.
After Korea established the Indoor Air Quality Management Act, the government of Taiwan enforced the IAQ Act in 2011/11/23, which was the second country to set up the standards in the world. Canada revised the IAQ Guideline like the naphthalene or benzene guideline after they set up the IAQ Guideline in 1995, and Macau promoted the IAQ Guideline in public places from 2014. Recently, Hong Kong, Korea, China planned to manage the air quality in newly or renew buildings or public transportation. To evalue the effectiveness of policy enforcement, our team reviewed the attainment rate of IAQ level in public buildings from 1998 the 2015 compared with IAQ Standards. The IAQ monitoring data in the public buildings was measured and collected by our team over the past 15 years, and combined with other project of city-/county-level data provided by EPA. As the result, after established the IAQ Management Act, the IAQ in the public places was better in these years, the average of attainment rate of IAQ indicators increased 16.94%. According to the questionnaire survey, people who had once heard the IAQ Management Act is under 50%. Even though had known the Act, they can not fully catch the information about the Act like regulatory authorities, enforced public places, pollutant indicators. Besides, ‘population who had used or heard indoor air quality of Environmental Protection Agency or Environmental Protection Bureau of City/County’ are 30.86%, 29.89%, respectively. Other promotion indicators of the effectiveness rate is range from 30% to 50% that still need more effort in the future in the promotion of policy. To understand the effectiveness of the IAQ Management Act, we collected the above findings into the Policy White Paper.
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